3D Innovations Network Cables H 182 ENG2 User Manual

Environment  
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H-182 (ENG) $1.00  
Safe Handling, Storage, and Destruction  
of Nitrate-Based Motion Picture Films  
This publication will  
help you understand  
the requirements  
to safely handle,  
store, transport,  
and destroy  
Photographic films on cellulose nitrate  
base (nitrocellulose) were introduced  
by Eastman Kodak Company in 1889.  
This film base had excellent physical  
properties, but it suffered from poor  
chemical stability and high  
flammability. In 1948, cellulose  
triacetate support was introduced; it  
met the performance requirements of  
motion picture films and provided  
added safety. After 1951, no cellulose  
nitrate motion picture film was  
manufactured by Kodak.  
Association (NFPA), Standard for the  
Storage and Handling of Cellulose  
Nitrate Motion Picture Film, 1994  
Edition (NFPA 40). The NFPA  
standards are not laws; however, states  
or local authorities, such as a  
government agency, local fire  
department, or a building/ electrical  
inspector may require compliance with  
the NFPA standard.  
cellulose nitrate-based  
films.  
IDENTIFICATION  
Actual use of cellulose nitrate films  
in theaters has virtually ceased.  
However, large quantities of cellulose  
nitrate film for archival or other  
purposes still exist in storage. These  
films are typically kept in vaults and  
removed for limited projection,  
reprinting and restoration on safety  
films, or destruction.  
Depending on the age of cellulose  
nitrate films, the edge of the film may  
be marked as nitrate film (“NITRATE  
FILM” or “ N ”).  
The words “SAFETY FILM” may  
appear in the non-image area of a  
motion picture film. This usually  
indicates that the base is made of a  
material, such as cellulose triacetate,  
that passes the ISO 435 test for burning  
and ignition. However, early motion  
picture films marked “SAFETY  
FILM” may have been printed on  
cellulose nitrate film, which would also  
carry the “SAFETY FILM” markings  
from print through. If a film cannot be  
clearly identified by markings, testing  
may be required to determine the  
composition of the film base.  
This publication will help you  
recognize and avoid the hazards  
associated with cellulose nitrate motion  
picture films. To safely handle, store,  
transport, and destroy these films, you  
must understand these hazards. The  
information in this publication is based  
on requirements in the United States;  
requirements may differ in other  
countries.  
The storage and handling  
requirements presented are primarily  
from the National Fire Protection  
©Eastman Kodak Company, 2003  
 
Exposure to temperatures in excess of  
185°F accelerates decomposition of  
these films. While they deteriorate,  
nitrate-based films can develop pressure  
and heat in the film can, especially when  
the can is taped closed. Contained gases  
and heat can lead to spontaneous  
STORAGE  
PROJECTION  
Choosing a storage facility for cellulose  
nitrate films depends on the amount of  
film to be stored.  
You need to exercise care when  
attempting to project cellulose nitrate  
films. Cellulose nitrate motion picture  
films may be brittle and shrunken. Do  
not attempt to unroll or project a  
cellulose nitrate film unless you are  
thoroughly familiar with its physical  
characteristics. Improper projection can  
damage or destroy the film.  
Because of the potential fire hazards,  
the projection of cellulose nitrate films  
is not a common practice. You should  
project cellulose nitrate films only in  
specially designed enclosures using  
projectors with air cooling systems.  
(Refer to design specifications in NFPA  
40, Chapter 6.) Projection booths in  
older theaters were typically constructed  
with thick concrete walls, large steel  
doors mounted on rolling tracks, and  
explosion relief panels. Specialized  
projectors with fire prevention rollers  
were also used.  
Since decomposition is accelerated  
with high temperatures, projecting  
cellulose nitrate film without air cooling  
systems will advance the decomposition  
stage. Therefore, do not return film that  
was exposed to high temperatures to  
your storage vault for long-term storage.  
You can reprint your film onto safety  
film and then send the cellulose nitrate  
film to an authorized facility to be  
destroyed.  
For short-term storage, you can use  
approved film cabinets for storing up to  
750 pounds of film (equal to 150 1000-  
foot rolls). Use vaults for longer-term  
storage of amounts up to 750 pounds.  
Always store amounts over 750 pounds  
in vaults. Be sure to segregate cellulose  
nitrate films from other film storage  
areas.  
combustion. Therefore, it is  
recommended that you store cellulose  
nitrate films in painted or tin-plated  
metal cans with loose lids. Do not tape  
the lids or use tight-fitting lids unless  
you are using Molecular Sieves.  
Decomposition gases (powerful  
oxidizing agents) can also react with  
nearby acetate and polyester base films,  
so you will need to store cellulose nitrate  
films in a separate area. The  
decomposition gases can also promote  
decomposition of nearby cellulose  
nitrate films. If your cellulose nitrate  
films need to be stored, but have started  
to deteriorate, you must store them in an  
area that is separate from other cellulose  
nitrate film storage areas.  
Store cellulose nitrate films in vaults  
in single or double roll containers or in  
approved shipping containers. You will  
need to examine the entire length of  
nitrate films prior to vault storage. If  
they are stored with temperature and  
humidity controls, you should inspect  
nitrate films on a hand rewind machine  
annually. Where storage conditions are  
not controlled, you should examine  
films every six months, or more  
frequently in warm climates. Any nitrate  
films you find in good condition can be  
returned to the storage vault. Any films  
that have progressed to the third stage of  
decomposition need to be destroyed at  
an approved facility.  
For extended-term storage (for  
preservation of material having  
permanent value), store in archival  
cabinets or vaults that contain individual  
compartments and allow for  
decomposition gas venting.  
Do not exceed 70°F inside the storage  
vault, and maintain the relative humidity  
below 50 percent. For long-term storage  
requirements, store the film at 35°F at  
20- to 30-percent relative humidity.  
Refer to the design specifications for  
film cabinets and vaults, including  
materials of construction, maximum  
capacity, venting, and sprinkler  
requirements found in NFPA 40,  
Chapter 4. You should also check your  
local fire code for additional film  
storage requirements.  
In addition to cool and dry storage,  
Molecular Sieves are recommended for  
storage of all cellulose nitrate films. You  
can promote extended keeping and  
preservation of cellulose nitrate films  
with the placement of Molecular Sieves  
inside the film storage container. These  
sieves scavenge and catalytically  
decompose the gases that are generated  
during the storage of cellulose nitrate  
films and retard the degradation  
reactions. Molecular Sieves are  
available from FPC,  
6677 Santa Monica Boulevard, Los  
Angeles, California 90038,  
(800) 814-1333 or (213) 468-1574.  
Safe Handling, Storage, and Destruction of Nitrate-Based Motion Picture Films H-182 (ENG)  
 
3
For ground and ocean transportation,  
packagings must meet the packing  
group III (three) performance standards.  
For air transport (domestic or  
international) packagings must meet the  
packing group II (two) performance  
standards.  
The following mark and label must be  
kept together and affixed to the outer  
packaging (do not place on the top or  
bottom of package):  
REPAIR AND DUPLICATION  
TRANSPORTATION  
Cellulose nitrate film repair and  
duplication services are not commonly  
offered. The following companies that  
provide these services are listed for your  
convenience but do not constitute a  
recommendation or endorsement by  
Kodak:  
Cellulose nitrate films that are shipped  
to a facility for storage, projection,  
duplication, or repair must meet special  
transportation requirements. Cellulose  
nitrate-based films are considered  
hazardous materials ( dangerous goods)  
by the United States Department of  
Transportation (US DOT).  
HFC Rejuvenation  
826 Seward  
Hollywood, CA 90038  
(213) 462-1971  
You must include one of the  
Mark: Films nitrocellulose base,  
UN 1324  
following descriptions on shipping  
papers that accompany the film,  
depending on mode of transport.  
• For air transport (domestic or  
internationally) or domestic transport  
by ground within the United States  
(U.S.): films, nitrocellulose base, 4.1,  
UN1324, III.  
Hazard Communication label:  
Flammable Solid  
US DOT may also allow additional  
types of shipping containers for  
transporting cellulose nitrate films. PRC  
offers a container that is an acceptable  
inner packaging for nitrocellulose-based  
films. These containers are available  
from Plastic Reel Corporation of  
America (PRC), Brisbin Avenue,  
Lyndhurst, New Jersey 07071, (201)  
233-5100  
ADF/Photogard/Durafilm  
Film Coating Laboratory  
1015 North Cahunga Blvd.  
Hollywood, CA 90038  
(213) 469-8141  
• For transport by ocean  
internationally: films, nitrocellulose  
base, class 4.1, UN1324, III.  
(Cleaning & physical repair only)  
Cinema Arts Inc.  
P. O. Box 70  
South Sterling, PA 18460  
(717) 676-4145  
Package your cellulose nitrate films  
so that each reel of film is packed in a  
tightly closed inner metal can,  
Polypropylene canister, or in an inner  
packaging of strong cardboard or  
fiberboard with cover held in place by  
adhesive tape or paper. The inner  
packaging must be packed in one of the  
following outer packagings:  
Cellulose nitrate films can be  
transported in aircraft within the  
maximum limit of 25 Kg (55 pounds) on  
passenger aircraft or 100 Kg (220  
pounds) on cargo aircraft. Vehicles or  
other public conveyance used for the  
transportation of passengers can be used  
for the transportation of cellulose nitrate  
film. Transportation using underground  
trains or subways is prohibited.  
Cellulose nitrate films that are  
Cine-Tech  
920 Allen Ave  
Glendale, CA 91201  
(818) 242-2181  
YCM Labs  
Outer Packaging  
Description  
Specifications  
312 West Burbank Blvd.  
Burbank, CA 91506  
(818) 843-5300  
Steel Drum  
1A2  
1B2  
1D  
Aluminum Drum  
Plywood Drum  
Fiber Drum*  
shipped to a facility for storage,  
projection, duplication, or repair must  
be transported by a carrier that is  
authorized by US DOT.  
Film Technology Company, Inc.  
726 North Cole Ave.  
Hollywood, CA 90038  
(213) 464-3456  
1G  
Steel Jerrican  
Wooden Box  
Plywood Box  
3A2  
4C1, 4C2  
4D  
ReconstitutedWood 4F  
Box  
Fiberboard Box*  
4G  
* Outer fiberboard or solid plastic boxes and  
fiber drums must be limited to a single reel of  
not over 600 meters (1,969 feet) of film.  
4
Safe Handling, Storage, and Destruction of Nitrate-Based Motion Picture Films H-182 (ENG)  
 
following EPA Waste Codes may apply  
to cellulose nitrate film:  
HAZARDOUS WASTE  
STORAGE  
WASTE MANAGEMENT  
AND DESTRUCTION  
Stable cellulose nitrate films  
designated for destruction or those that  
are in one of the first two stages of  
decomposition should be classified as a  
hazardous waste using EPA Hazardous  
Waste Codes D001 and D003. Cellulose  
nitrate films that are in one of the last  
three stages of decomposition should be  
classified as a hazardous waste using  
EPA Hazardous Waste Codes D001,  
D003, and D011.  
All cellulose nitrate films that are  
marked for destruction need to be stored  
and transported under water.  
Cellulose nitrate films that have reached  
the third stage of decomposition, or have  
no historical value, need to be destroyed  
properly. Since these films decompose  
rapidly under certain conditions and are  
flammable, it is important that you store  
and transport these materials safely.  
You will need to place them in a steel  
or plastic drum that meets US DOT  
specifications, and cover the films with  
water. The water must be more than 25  
percent by weight of the total weight of  
the films. (Water weighs about 8 pounds  
per gallon.) Be sure to take into account  
the weight of any film reels.  
When a cellulose nitrate-based film is  
designated for destruction, and is,  
therefore, a hazardous waste, RCRA  
requirements may apply to your storage  
facility. Long-term storage may require a  
RCRA permit. When a cellulose nitrate-  
based film is determined to be a  
WASTE CLASSIFICATION  
Once it is determined that a cellulose  
nitrate film needs to be destroyed, it is  
considered a waste. Under the Resource  
Conservation and Recovery Act  
(RCRA), all waste cellulose nitrate  
films should be classified as hazardous  
wastes. Cellulose nitrate film that is  
designated for destruction must be  
identified as a hazardous waste using all  
applicable Environmental Protection  
Agency (EPA) Waste Codes. The  
hazardous waste, you should send it to an  
authorized waste-treatment facility for  
proper destruction as soon as possible.  
EPA Waste Code  
Definition  
D001  
A material is defined as an ignitable hazardous waste if it  
is an oxidizer as defined under USDOT regulations. Nitrate  
containing materials are specifically defined as oxidizers  
under those provisions.  
D003  
A material is defined as a reactive hazardous waste if it is  
capable of detonation or explosive reaction when subjected  
to a strong initiating source or heated under confinement.  
Cellulose nitrate films meet this criteria; they will spontane-  
ously ignite under elevated temperatures. The rate of  
combustion of nitrate films is about fifteen times that of  
wood, and the resulting intense fire is virtually impossible to  
control or easily extinguish.  
D011  
A material is defined as a hazardous waste possessing the  
characteristic of leachable toxicity for silver if, when  
exposed to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure  
(TCLP), the material leaches > 5 mg/l (ppm) of silver.  
Typically photographic films do not leach > 5 mg/l of silver  
when subjected to the TCLP. However, during decomposi-  
tion, it is likely that more silver may be present during  
leaching once the film has reached the third stage of  
decomposition. The TCLP can also be performed on a  
representative sample of a film to define its characteristics.  
Safe Handling, Storage, and Destruction of Nitrate-Based Motion Picture Films H-182 (ENG)  
 
5
Package waste nitrocellulose-based  
films with not less than 25-percent water  
and label as a flammable solid:  
There are many facilities in the  
United States that are permitted to  
manage these types of waste. The  
following companies provide trans-  
portation and waste treatment. This list  
is provided for your convenience and  
does not constitute a recommendation or  
endorsement by Kodak:  
HAZARDOUS WASTE  
TRANSPORTATION  
The transportation of cellulose nitrate  
films is regulated by both the US DOT  
and the United States Environmental  
Protection Agency (USEPA). Cellulose  
nitrate-based films are considered  
hazardous materials under USDOT and  
hazardous wastes by USEPA.  
You are required to include the  
Shipping Name, ID Number, Hazard  
Class, and Hazard Label on the shipping  
papers that accompany the films for  
destruction:  
Packaging  
Steel drum  
Plastic drum  
Specifications  
1A1, 1A2  
1H1, 1H2  
Waste nitrocellulose-based films  
must be transported by a carrier that is  
authorized by USDOT and USEPA to  
transport hazardous waste. A hazardous  
waste manifest and a Land Disposal  
Restriction Form must accompany the  
material during transport.  
ENSCO, Inc.  
Lincolnshire, IL  
Corporate Sales Offices  
(708) 945-5700  
Ross Incineration  
Grafton, OH  
(800) 878-ROSS  
DESTRUCTION  
Shipping Name  
Waste  
WTS, Inc.  
Nitrocellulose, wet  
with not less than  
25% water, D001,  
D003, D011*  
Once your cellulose nitrate film is  
determined to be a hazardous waste, you  
need to ship it to a treatment facility as  
soon as possible, following the  
transportation requirements outlined  
above.  
640 Park Place  
Niagara Falls, NY  
(716) 282-4100  
Identification  
Number  
UN 2555  
Hazard Class  
Hazard Label  
4.1  
The appropriate treatment technology  
for cellulose nitrate film is incineration.  
The incinerating facility is required to  
have an RCRA permit to treat all EPA  
Hazardous Waste Numbers associated  
with your waste. This includes D001,  
D003, and possibly D011, depending on  
the decomposition stage of the film.  
Flammable solid  
*
Include EPA Waste Code D011 only for  
shipping those films that are in one of the last  
three stages of decomposition.  
6
Safe Handling, Storage, and Destruction of Nitrate-Based Motion Picture Films H-182 (ENG)  
 
of Cellulose Nitrate Photographic  
Negatives,” December, 1994, de  
l’Université et Marie Curie, Paris,  
France.  
REFFERENCES  
1. ISO/DIS 10356:  
Cinematography—Storage and  
Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Base  
film.  
9. Ram, A. Tulsi, Kopperl, D.F.,  
Sehlin, R.C., Masaryk-Morris, S.,  
Vincent, J.L., and Miller, P., “The  
Effects and Prevention of the  
2. ANSI/NFPA 40 (1994 edition)  
Standard for the Storage and  
Handling of Cellulose Nitrate  
Motion Picture Film.  
‘Vinegar Syndrome,’” Journal of  
Imaging Science and Technology,  
vol. 38, 249-261, May/June 1994.  
3. Hill, J.R., and Weber, C.G.,  
“Stability of Motion Picture Films  
as Determined by Accelerated  
Aging,” Journal SMPTE, vol. 27,  
677-689 (1936).  
10. Ram, A. Tulsi, Carroll-Yacoby,  
D.M., Miller, P., and Heuer, H.D.,  
“The Status Report on the  
Worldwide Molecular Sieve Trade  
Test Results,” Paper presented at  
the AMIA meeting, Boston, MA,  
1994, and at the FIAF meeting in  
London, U.K., January 1995. Under  
publication in FIFA Journal.  
4. Carroll, J.F., and Calhoun, J.M.,  
“Effect of Nitrogen Oxide Gases on  
Processed Acetate Film,” Journal  
SMPTE, vol. 64, 501-507 (1955).  
5. Daily, J., “The Care and Handling  
of Hazardous Nitrate Film at  
UCLA’s Unique Projection  
Facilities,” Journal SMPTE  
453-456, (1990).  
11. Adelstein, P.Z., Reilly, J.M.,  
Nishimura, D.W., and Erbland,  
C.J., “Stability of Cellulose Ester  
Base Photographic Film: Part IV—  
Behavior of Nitrate Base Film,”  
Journal SMPTE 359-369, (1995).  
6. Edge, M., Allen, N.S., Hayes, M.,  
and Riley, P.N.K., “Mechanism of  
Deterioration in Cellulose Nitrate  
Base Archival Cinematographic  
Film,” European Polymer Journal,  
(1990).  
7. KODAK Publication No. H-23  
(1992): The Book of Film Care,  
Chapter 3, “Storage and Handling  
of Processed Nitrate Film,” pages  
30-35.  
8. Louvet, Alain, Ph.D., Dissertation,  
“The Study on the Decomposition  
Safe Handling, Storage, and Destruction of Nitrate-Based Motion Picture Films H-182 (ENG)  
 
7
MORE INFORMATION  
J-110 Formaldehyde Use in Photographic  
Processing Facilities  
J-111 Determining Workplace Exposure to  
For more information about  
Kodak Environmental  
Formaldehyde  
Services, visit Kodak online at  
J-112 Formaldehyde Emergencies  
J-113 About the OSHA Formaldehyde Standard  
For environmental or safety  
questions about Kodak  
products, services, or  
publications, call  
1-585-477-3194  
J-311 Hazard Communication for Photographic  
Processing Facilities  
J-312 Personal Protective Equipment  
Requirements in Photographic Processing  
Facilities  
For questions about the safe  
handling of photographic  
chemicals or health-related  
information about Kodak  
products, call our 24-hour  
hotline at  
J-314 Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation in  
1-585-722-5151  
1-585-722-2400  
Photographic Processing Facilities  
J-315  
Special Materials Management in Photo-  
graphic Processing Facilities  
For questions concerning the  
safe transportation of Kodak  
products, call Kodak  
J-316 Emergency Preparedness for Photographic  
Processing Facilities  
J-317 Injury and Illness Management for  
Transportation Services at  
Photographic Processing Facilities  
If you have questions about Kodak products, call Kodak.  
In the U.S.A., call  
1-800-242-2424,  
Ext. 19,  
Monday–Friday  
9 a.m.–7 p.m.  
(Eastern time)  
This publication is a guide to the Federal Health and  
Safety Regulations that apply to a typical photographic  
processing facility. Local or state requirements may also  
apply. Verify the specific requirements for your facility  
with your legal counsel.  
In Canada, call  
1-800-465-6325,  
Monday–Friday  
8 a.m.–5 p.m.  
(Eastern time)  
In countries other than the  
U.S. and Canada,  
contact your local Kodak  
representative, or your  
usual supplier of Kodak  
products.  
This publication is printed on recycled paper that contains  
50 percent recycled fiber and 10 percent post-consumer material.  
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY ROCHESTER, NY 14650  
Safe Handling, Storage, and Destruction of  
Nitrate-Based Motion Picture Films  
KODAK Publication No. H-182 (ENG)  
Minor Revision 1/04  
Printed in U.S.A.  
CAT No. 801 2049  
Kodak and "e" mark are trademarks  
 

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